Ludwig's angina complicated with a massive necrotizing fasciitis caused by an unusual pathogen: Bacillius spp

Ludwig's angina and necrotizing fasciitis are aggressive infectious manifestations that can present in the cervicofacial region. The severity of these entities depends, up to some extent, to the immunological state of the patient. Diabetes mellitus alters the immune system, allowing maxillofacial infections to progress aggressively. Bacillius spp. is a group of typically innocuous bacteria; however, they can unchain relevant infectious pathologies in immunocompromised patients. The purpose of this study is to describe a case of an uncontrolled diabetic patient with a Ludwig's angina which progressed to a massive necrotizing fasciitis caused by bacillius spp. Explaining the severity of this class of infections and the special attention that should be paid to this type of case; Furthermore, when the culture reveals pathogens that are usually not involved in the development of this class of conditions.

Screening of different Pseudomonas and Bacillus Spp. for production of L-glutamic acid and impact of their cell-free filtrate on growth and yield of brinjal (Solanum melongena)

Amino acids can play a different role in plants such as nitrogen source, hormonal precursor, and stress reducingagents. L-glutamic acid is involved in several plant metabolic processes. The objectives of present work were toevaluate the L-glutamic acid production by different agriculturally important Pseudomonas and Bacillus speciesand to determine the effects of L-glutamic acid containing cell-free filtrate on the growth and yield of brinjal. Anexperiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design. Out of eight different strains of Pseudomonas,the highest L glutamic acid was detected in Pseudomonas fluorescens 128 (1.397 g/l) followed by P. fluorescensNSPL07 (1.073 g/l) and Pseudomonas striata RCOF153 (0.563 g/l). Similarly, out of six different species ofBacillus, moderate L-glutamic acid was detected in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MTCC10439. (0.232 g/l). Thegrowth stimulatory effects of L glutamic acid containing filtrate (200 ppm) were also studied and it was found that allgrowth parameters of brinjal (plant height, fruits per plant, fruit yield, etc.) improved significantly. Results indicatedthat bacterial secretion containing L-glutamic acid along with other amino acids has biostimulatory effects and itshould be used to enhance the plant growth and yield.

Screening of bacterial extracellular xylanase producers with potential for cellulose pulp biobleaching

In this study, two hundred fifty-seven bacterial isolates from a suppressive soil library were screened to study their secretion of alkali-thermostable xylanases for potential use in cellulose pulp biobleaching. Xylanase activity was evaluated in solid and liquid media using xylan as the carbon source. Isolates were initially evaluated for the degradation of xylan in solid media by the congo red test. Selected strains were evaluated in liquid media for enzymatic activity and determination of total protein concentration using a crude protein extract (CPE). An isolate identified as Bacillus species TC-DT13 produced the highest amount of xylanase (1808 U mL-1). The isolate was active and stable at 70°C and pH 9.0, conditions which are necessary for the paper industry. This isolate can grow and produce xylanase in medium containing wheat fiber as a substrate. The CPE of this isolate was used in preliminary testing on cellulose pulp bleaching; enzyme treatment of the pulp resulted in a 5% increase of whiteness.

Isolation and Biochemical Characterisation of Endophytic Bacillus spp from Urtica dioica and Study of Their Antagonistic Effect against Phytopathogens

Endophytic bacteria have been isolated from the roots of Urtica dioica. A total of 54 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the underground parts using suitable surface sterilisation protocol. Three isolates R45a; R45b; R21a were tested for antagonism effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora parasitica in dual culture method. Significant inhibitory effects on mecylial radial growth have been revealed with a percentage superior or equal to 75%. These strains were Gram-positive rods. Cultures on nutrient agar showed irregular, entirely cream coloured colonies that are strictly aerobic and capable of forming endospore. They belong probably to the genus of Bacillus spp.

Bacillus spp: una alternativa para la promoción vegetal por dos caminos enzimáticos / Bacillus spp: An alternative for plant promotion by two enzymatic pathways

Resumen Objetivo. Se realizó una revisión sobre las características de las fitasas y nitrogenasas de Bacillus spp. y sus opciones de uso como alternativa biofertilizante. El género Bacillus es secretor de proteínas y metabolitos eficientes para el control de plagas y enfermedades, promueve el crecimiento vegetal a través de la solubilización de fósforo y la producción de reguladores de crecimiento como el ácido indol acético; así mismo participa en la fijación de nitrógeno cuando hace parte de consorcios microbianos. Como biofertilizante es una opción amigable para el suelo y el ambiente que da respuesta a la necesidad de implementar la agricultura sostenible.

Abstract Objective. We conducted a review of the characteristics of the phytase and nitrogenase of Bacillus sp. and their potential use as an alternative biological fertilizer. The genus Bacillus is an efficient secretor of proteins and metabolites; to control pests and diseases, promote plant growth through the solubilization of phosphorus and production of growth regulators as acetic indole. Likewise it is involved in nitrogen fixation when it is part of microbial consortia. As biological fertilizer is a friendly option for the soil and the environment that responds to the need to implement sustainable agriculture.

Cultivable bacterial diversity of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis with 16 S rRNA sequence analysis / 中草药

Objective To analyze the bacterial diversity in stem rot and healthy plants of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis. Methods Bacterial strains were isolated from rhizomes, stems and leaves of the diseased and healthy plants of P. polyphylla var. chinensis using beef extract-peptone medium. Using 16 S rRNA universal primers 27F/1492R for PCR amplification, combined with DNA sequencing technology to preliminary identification the bacterial strains. Results The bacteria could be divided into 23 microbial species, belonging to 11 genera, isolated from healthy and diseased plants of P. polyphylla var. chinensis. Eleven endophytic bacteria, belonging to 4 genera were contained from healthy plants, in which there were 9, 10, and 5 species isolated from rhizomes, stems and leaves, respectively. Fourteen endophytic bacteria, belonging to 10 genera were contained from diseased plant, in which there were 11, 8, and 3 species isolated from rhizomes, stems, and leaves, respectively. The content of endophytic bacteria in rhizome of healthy plant was the highest, reached up to 2.999 × 105 cfu/g, while that in leaf was the lowest with 7.32 × 104 cfu/g. The quantities of Bacillus species in rhizome (73.3%), stem (67.1%), and leaf (81.8%) of healthy plant were the highest groups, Pseudomonas species in rhizome (35.6%), stem (50.3%) and leaf (60.5%) of diseased plants were the highest groups. Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index of healthy plant of P. polyphylla var. chinensis were higher than that of diseased plants. Conclusion The dominant group in the healthy plant of P. polyphylla var. chinensis was Bacillus, while the dominant groups in the diseased plant of P. polyphylla var. chinensis was Pseudomonas. The population diversity of the cultivable bacteria in healthy plant of P. polyphylla var. chinensis was more abundant than that of diseased plant.

Probiotic Properties and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacillus spp. Isolated from Two Types of Fermented Locust Bean (iru).

Bacillus spp. associated with two types of fermented African locust beans iru woro and iru pete were isolated and screened for probiotic potentials using standard microbiological techniques. The total bacterial counts for iru woro (pH 8.4) and iru pete (with pH 8.1) were 6.4314 and 6.4771 log10CFU/g respectively. In the two samples, the load of aerobic sporeformers were 6.2068 and 6.2553 log10CFU/g. In the samples Bacillus subtilis had the highest occurrence (44%), followed by B. lichenliformis (28%) and B. megaterium (24%) while B. coagulans had the least (4%). Only 28% of Bacillus isolates produced caseinase, while 28% produced haemolysin. Majority of these isolates showed tolerance to salt at concentrations less than 5% and also grew fairly at pH tending to neutral. Bacillus subtilis P14, Bacillus lichenliformis P12 and Bacillus megaterium P6 grew at 3.0% bile. Percentage hydophobicity, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation of the isolates ranged from - 49.00 to 65.00%, -53.00 to 84.00% and -69.44 to 36.08% respectively. High level of antibiotic resistance (especially to first line antibiotics) was recorded among isolates. Most of the Bacillus species isolated from the iru samples had very poor probiotic properties. Molecular and in vitro probiotic properties of promising candidates are still open to investigation.

Bacillus spp. or Bacillus spp.-Derived Membrane Vesicles Induce the Intrinsic Pathways of Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines

The striking increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) has shown the great fatality in Korea for more than 15 years. The leading edge of this rising incidence rate is mainly due to the people's dietary changes in Korea. Some studies have reported that the dietary fiber does not have significant cytotoxic effects on CRC cells, which contrasts to the effects of probiotics. It gives a positive evaluation that the nonpathogenic spore-forming Bacillus species among the probiotics including fermented bacteria might have optimistic effects on CRC incidence rate. Recently, we isolated Bacillus lentus (BL) from Korean soybean fermented food. BL showed the cytotoxic effect on human colon carcinoma cell lines HCT116 and SW480. Interestingly, BL did not have effect on human dermal fibroblast cells and human hepatoma cell line HepG2. It suggested that BL has the target cell-specific cytotoxicity toward human colon carcinoma cells. To clarify the death signaling pathway underlying the BL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells, we analyzed the expression of caspases, Bax and Bcl-2 by western blotting. The apoptotic effects by cytotoxic elements were executed by direct BL contact or membrane-derived vesicles isolated from BL. Treatment of HCT116 with BL activated caspase-9, -3 and increased cleavage form of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). However, caspase-8 activity was not increased by BL. BL-activated intrinsic pathway increased the pro-apoptotic Bax, decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins on mitochondria, disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential, and then released the cytochrome c from mitochondria. The membrane-derived vesicles (MVs) from BL induced apoptosis of the HCT116. Here, we propose that BL as a strong candidate for the development of apoptosis-specific anti-tumor agent will give great contribution to the understandings of the tumor-microbe interdisciplinary areas.

Características histomorfométricas do intestino de juvenis de tambaqui após uso de probiótico na dieta e durante transporte / Histomorphometric characteristics gut of tambaqui after using probiotic on diet and during transport

This study evaluated the histomorphometric characteristics of tambaqui intestinal mucous after using Bacillus spp based probiotics, incorporated in feed and dissolved in water during transport. It was used a completely randomized design, with three treatments and seven replications, and a control treatment (fish fed commercial feed without probiotic) was compared with two other treatments involving the use of commercial probiotic incorporated in the feed or in the transport water...

Avaliou-se neste trabalho as características histomorfométricas da mucosa intestinal de tambaqui após uso de probiótico a base de Bacillus spp., veiculado na ração e dissolvido na água durante transporte. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e sete repetições, sendo comparado um tratamento controle (peixes alimentados com ração comercial sem probiótico) a dois outros tratamentos envolvendo o uso de probiótico comercial, veiculado na ração ou na água de transporte...

Probióticos na avicultura / Probiotics on poultry production

Com a proibição do uso de antibióticos como melhoradores de desempenho, aumentaram as pesquisas para desenvolver produtos alternativos que fossem eficientes para melhorar o desempenho zootécnico dos animais de produção e manter a saúde intestinal deles, por meio da redução de patógenos e da imuno modulação do trato gastrointestinal. O uso de probióticos já é conhecido há muito tempo, entretanto os mecanismos de ação destes produtos e a interação deles com o organismo animal hospedeiro estão sendo mais profundamente pesquisados agora. Sabe-se que os probióticos auxiliam no equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal, podendo, por meio deste efeito, melhorar o desempenho dos animais. Esta atividade se dá pela produção de diferentes metabólitos com ação antimicrobiana e também pela competição por sítios de ligação com bactérias patogênicas na mucosa do trato gastrointestinal ou através de imunomodulação no organismo animal. Devido a todas as ações dos probióticos, eles são utilizados como melhoradores de desempenho animal e também podem ser uma ferramenta para controle de enterobactérias de importância em saúde pública.

As antibiotics growth promoters have been banned from animal feed, probiotics have received special attention as alternative products to enhance performance from livestock and keep their gastrointestinal health. Probiotics benefits are known since long time ago, however, the mechanisms of action of these products are being better researched now. Is known that probiotics could balance intestinal microbiot and due to this, they can improve animal performance. This activity is due to the production of different metabolites with antimicrobial activity and competition by bind sites on gastrointestinal mucosal. Due to all this probiotic actions, they are recommended as animal growth promoters and also may be an important tool to control enterobacterias considered risky to public health.

In vivo Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Potentials of Bacillus Species Isolated from Fermented Locust Bean (Parkia fillicoides Welw) Seeds (Iru).

Aim: Iru is a popular West Africa fermented soup condiment which is also consumed without cooking as snack. This product is mainly fermented by Bacillus species. The hypolipidemic activities of Bacillus spp. isolated from iru have not been documented hence the aim of this study. Place and Duration of Study: Iru sample was bought in an open market in Iworoko-Ekiti, Nigeria and transferred to the Laboratory of the Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Nigeria where other studies were carried out. The study was conducted between January and June, 2012. Methodology: The properties and in vivo hypolipidemic potential of Bacillus species from iru were investigated using standard microbiological and haematological methods. Results: The cell free extracts of the Bacillus spp. did not produce significant inhibition on the selected Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens. Qualitative enzyme screening of the isolates showed all were haemolysin negative. Only B. subtilis was positive to gelatinase while all the isolates produced catalase and lipase. The average weight of the animals after inducement of hyper-cholesterolemia ranged between 60.5g - 95.3g. The amount of serum total cholesterol (TC) in the animals ranged between 124.9 mg/dl – 127.4 mg/dl while that of serum triglycerides (TG), high density protein (HDL) and low density protein (LDL) were 122.5 – 155.3 mg/dl, 10.0 – 15.3 mg/dl and 76.6 – 81.0 mg/dl respectively. The weights of hyper-cholesterolemia induced rats challenged with different species of Bacillus were relatively lower than those in the control group and also differ significantly from the control, at p˂ 0.05. The values of TC, TG, and LDL were highest in the control (saline) group while the values in the treatment group ranged between 121.3 ± 1.5 and 102.3 ± 6.8 mg/dl for TC. The treatment groups recorded lower values of values for TG (104.7 ± 1.6 - 117.4 ± 9.1 mg/dl) and LDL (42.6 ±7.4 - 59.0 ± 10.2 mg/dl) compared to the control. B. subtilis had the highest values of TC but least amount of LDL. TG in all the groups was higher than TC, HDL and LDL. The TC/HDL and the LDL/HDL of the animals in the iru group was higher than the other treatment groups but lower than the control. Conclusion: Compared to the control, hypolipidemic activities of B. lichenliformis was the best followed by B. subtilis. Iru had the least hypo-cholesterolemic effect.

Fungicidal effect of bacteriocins harvested from Bacillus spp

Aims: This study investigated the ability of bacteriocins isolated from Bacillus spp. (Bacillus species) to inhibit four different yeast isolates obtained from common food products (nono, yoghurt, ogi and cheese) commonly consumed by Nigerians with minimal heat treatment. Methodology and results: Forty-five Bacillus spp. was isolated and identified from common food products using cultural, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. These isolates were tested for antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enteritidis (3), Micrococcus luteus (1) and Staphylococcus aureus (2). Eight bacteriocin producing strains were identified from an over- night broth culture centrifugated at 3500 revolutions for five minutes. Fungicidal effects of these bacteriocins were tested against four yeast strains using the Agar Well Diffusion method. The bacteriocins produced wide zones of inhibition ranging from 5.9±0.000 to 24.00±0.000 mm against the 4 yeast strains tested. There was a significant difference (at p<0.05) between the yeast organisms and the bacteriocins from the Bacillus spp. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The study reveals the antifungal property of bacteriocins from Bacillus spp. and serves therefore as a base for further studies in its use in the control of diseases and extension of shelf-life of products prone to fungi contamination.

Production of gelatinase enzyme from Bacillus spp isolated from the sediment sample of Porto Novo Coastal sites

Objective: In this study, gelatinase producing bacteria were probed from sediment samples of Porto Novo Coastal sites, India. Screening and identification of potential strain were done followed by optimization of physico-chemical parameters; bulk production and gelatinase extraction were carried out. Methods: For probing of gelatinase potential producer primary and secondary screening was carried out for qualitative and quantitative estimation. Optimization of physico-chemical parameters for improved production of gelatinase enzyme and large scale of gelatinase was produced. Gelatinase precipitation was standardized using different saturation rates of ammonium sulphate from 10 to 100% at 4℃.Results: There were 8 morphologically different gelatinase producing bacteria were initially delved through primary screening tests. Bacillus spp produced maximum gelatinase activity (2.1U/mL) in secondary screening test. Optimizing its abiotic and biotic factors, maximum enzyme activity was achieved at 48h incubation period (2.2U/mL), 2.5 pH (2.5U/mL), 35℃ temperature (2.55U/mL), 0.8% lactose (2.6U/mL), 1.4% gelatin (2.9U/mL) as the ideal carbon source and nitrogen source, 1% salinity (2.9U/mL) and 3ml of inoculum containing 5.6×106/ mL (3.3U/mL). From the optimized factors, bulk production was carried out and saturation rate of 40% ammonium sulphate, precipitated out maximum enzyme with lowered dry weight indicates its enzyme purity and recovered enzyme showed 4.1U/mg of activity. Conclusion: The study revealed that the isolated strain Bacillus spp has its potentiality for industrial scale production and the results will stand as a base line data for the application of gelatinase in future.

Role of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on rock phosphate solubility and growth of aerobic rice.

Use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) as inoculants has concurrently increased phosphorous uptake in plants and improved yields in several crop species. The ability of PSB to improve growth of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) through enhanced phosphorus (P) uptake from Christmas island rock phosphate (RP) was studied in glasshouse experiments. Two isolated PSB strains; Bacillus spp. PSB9 and PSB16, were evaluated with RP treatments at 0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1. Surface sterilized seeds of aerobic rice were planted in plastic pots containing 3 kg soil and the effect of treatments incorporated at planting were observed over 60 days of growth. The isolated PSB strains (PSB9 and PSB16) solubilized significantly high amounts of P (20.05-24.08 mg kg-1) compared to non-inoculated (19-23.10 mg kg-1) treatments. Significantly higher P solubilization (24.08 mg kg-1) and plant P uptake (5.31 mg plant -1) was observed with the PSB16 strain at the highest P level of 60 kg ha-1. The higher amounts of soluble P in the soil solution increased P uptake in plants and resulted in higher plant biomass (21.48 g plant -1). PSB strains also increased plant height (80 cm) and improved root morphology in aerobic rice. The results showed that inoculation of aerobic rice with PSB improved phosphate solubilizing activity of incorporated RP.

Inhibition of the growth of Ascosphaera apis by Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains isolated from honey / Inhibición del crecimiento de Ascosphaera apis mediante cepas de Bacillus y Paenibacillus aisladas de miel

The fungus Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honeybee larvae, occurs throughout the world and is found in many beekeeping areas of Argentina. The potential as biocontrol agents of 249 aerobic spore-forming bacterial antagonists isolated from honey samples was evaluated. Each isolate was screened against A. apis by a central disk test assay. Ten bacterial strains that showed the best antagonistic effect to A. apis were selected for further study and identified as Bacillus cereus (m363, mv86, mv81, mv75), Bacillus circulans (Fr231, m448b), Bacillus megaterium (m435), Bacillus pumilus (m354), Bacillus subtilis (m329), and Paenibacillus alvei (m321). For testing the efficiency of the selected strains, a paired culture test was used with 5 replicates of each combination bacterial antagonist / A. apis strain, and 5 replications for each control on 4 different culture media. The analysis of variance and posterior comparison of means according to LSD method showed that the best antagonists when using YGPSA medium were B. subtilis (m329) and B. megaterium (m435), and in the case of MYPGP medium the most efficient were B. circulans strains Fr 231 and m448b.

La cría yesificada es una micosis invasiva ocasionada por el hongo heterotálico Ascosphaera apis que afecta exclusivamente a las larvas de las abejas. La enfermedad tiene difusión mundial y en la Argentina se halla diseminada en todas las áreas donde se realiza apicultura. Se estudió la potencialidad de 249 cepas de bacterias esporuladas aeróbicas aisladas de miel como agentes biocontroladores del hongo mediante un ensayo en disco central en condiciones de laboratorio. Se seleccionaron como mejores antagonistas 10 cepas bacterianas identificadas como Bacillus cereus (m363, mv86, mv81, mv75), Bacillus circulans (Fr231, m448b), Bacillus megaterium (m435), Bacillus pumilus (m354), Bacillus subtilis (m329), y Paenibacillus alvei (m321). Para probar la eficiencia de las cepas seleccionadas, se empleó la técnica de cultivo dual con 5 repeticiones de cada combinación antagonista bacteriano / cepa de A. apis, 5 para cada control y 4 medios de cultivo diferentes empleando 10 cepas del hongo de distintos orígenes geográficos. El análisis de la variancia y posterior comparación de medias LSD (Least Square Dfferences) mostró que los mejores antagonistas fueron B. subtilis (m329) y B. megaterium (m435) para el caso del medio YGPSA, mientras que para MYPGP las más eficientes fueron las cepas de B. circulans Fr 231 y m448b.

Cloning and Alignment of the Partial Mannanase Gene of Bacillus spp / 微生物学通报

By functional plates,16 strains which can produce?-mannana-se were isolated frnm 28 Bacillus spp.Using a pair of degenerated primers,the conserved fragments of?-mannanase gene from the selected strains were amplified by PCR.The obtained nucleotide fragments were sequenced and compared with the homologous?-mannanase genes in GenBank and a phylogenetic tree was generated.Comparing to the genes coding?-mannanase published,the cloned nucleotide fragments show the highest sequence identity between 62% and 98%.The genes coding fnr?-mannanase of Bacillus circulus have low identity while the?-mannanase genes of Bacillus subtilis and other Bacillus spp. have high identity.

Development and Application of X-Cluster: a New Software for Numerical Classification / 微生物学通报

To remedy the limitations of traditional numerical classification softwares,a new application,X-Cluster,was developed by using various design patterns.X-Cluster had powerful functions to support the researching of numerical classification,and testified by some classify studying about Bacillus spp..